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VIII. Football Culture

 

 

During the second half of the 20th century the game became increasingly commercialized. In effect it became very big business and a branch of the entertainment industry. Inevitably, there has been corruption and bribery (in itself nothing new in football or other sports), and instances of match-fixing, fraud, and illegal or irregular payments. The top players are paid huge salaries and millions of pounds change hands over transfers of players between clubs. The media have played an ever more powerful role. In fact, football could not easily survive without television and its vast investment in the game.

 

During the 1970s and 1980s, hooliganism, drunkenness, and violence among club supporters (especially of British clubs) began to bring the game into disrepute and to deter spectators. Riots—before, during, and after matches—and running battles in the streets between fans became commonplace.

 

There have been several major disasters: at Ibrox Park, Glasgow, in 1902 and 1971, at the Lenin Stadium, Moscow, in 1982, at Heysel, Brussels in 1985, at Valley Parade, Bradford, England in 1985, at Hillsborough, Sheffield, England in 1989, at Bastia, Corsica, in 1992, Ellis Park, Johannesburg, South Africa, and Accra Stadium, Ghana, both in 2001.

 

It was essential for football authorities to clean up the game on and off the field and to make life safer for spectators. The general improvements include the introduction of all-seater stadia (and some indoor stadia), big video screens for pre-match entertainment, facilities such as family stands to encourage women and children to attend and to promote family participation, crèches, better catering arrangements, much better club match programmes in the shape of glossy brochures, and fanzines (fan magazines) in which club supporters can express their views. Other features are improved surveillance by stewards, police, and video cameras. Hospitality/executive boxes have been installed to bring in more money. By the mid-1990s the measures seemed to have largely succeeded.

 

Football, like other games, tends to inspire intense rivalry among club supporters and supporters of national teams. Allegiance is expressed by wearing club or national colours (replica shirts, hats, scarves, badges, etc.) and by the display of flags and banners. Danish fans introduced the practice of face-painting in national and club colours. This has caught on around the world and many fans also dye their hair in appropriate team colours. Chanting and the use of musical instruments are also characteristic of modern football crowds. In Brazil, and other Latin American countries, dancing by the spectators to the sound of drums is a common sight. The terms “Samba soccer” and “Mexican Wave” have now been adopted in many other sports.

Lenke til kommentar

Dunderslubbe - Antifag

 

GAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAR

 

BY THE STORM OF THE WINDS

MY SOUL COMES CLASHING DOWN

ONTO THE WINGS OF THE DRAGOOONS

 

I SHALL SWING MY SWORD

INTO YOUR BONES

AND WATCH YOUR HEAD DEPART

 

I WILL RAPE YOU IN HALF

AND EAT YOUR FACE

WHILE I STUFF YOUR ASS WITH ASH

AND WHEN YOU SEE THE SUN

GLOWING REEEEEEEEED

YOU WILL REMEMBER THE FACE OF YOUR WIVES!

CRUMBLING APART

 

BECAUSE I AM THE ANTIFAG

I DEVOUR ALL THAT IS GAY

I WILL BRING MY JUDGEMENT UPON YOU, THE QUEERS WHO GAG

AND SEND YOUR BALLS AWAY

 

THE LAST REMENANTS OF MY SOUL

WILL CLEAVE THE SOUL OF THE WIND

WITH THE POWER OF CORRUPTION AND STRENGHT

 

AND THE LEGION OF DESPAIR

IS RAGING OUT OF CONTROL

WHEN I STERILIZE THEM ONE BY ONE!

 

BECAUSE I AM THE ANTIFAG

I DEVOUR ALL THAT IS GAY

I WILL BRING MY JUDGEMENT UPON YOU, THE QUEERS WHO GAG

AND SEND YOUR BALLS AWAY

Lenke til kommentar

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Lenke til kommentar

Japan is located in the monsoonal areas of Asia and has heavier precipitation than other countries. Per capita precipitation in Japan is, however, only approximately a quarter of the world average. Precipitation also varies substantially according to the season and concentrates in the rainy and typhoon seasons. River water alternately increases and decreases, causing floods or water shortages and having grave impact on people's lives and economic activities.

 

In Japan, there are ranges of high mountains and short rivers in narrow spaces. The rivers are remarkably steeper than continental rivers. The rainwater that falls on mountains quickly flows down to the sea.

It is therefore necessary to construct dams and levees to prevent floods and take designated quantities of water throughout the year, and canals to convey water from rivers to farms and water purification plants.

 

Precipitaion in Japan has recently been fluctuating drastically from year to year and has been on the decline from a long-term prespective. Low precipitation in some years and declining precipitation levels have been adversely affecting stable supply of water in major river systems.

With increasing environmental concerns, efforts to minimize the effects on the environment and considerations for maintaining water quality and improving surrounding environments are becoming essential.

Lenke til kommentar

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