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Hiroshima - Var det riktig?


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Japan var et føydalt keiserdømme hvor den samme slekten hadde sittet på tronen i laaaaang tid. You catch my drift?

Hvor har du dette fra?

 

Føydalisme opphørte ved Meji restoration (1866 - 1869) slik jeg kjenner historien.

 

Over diverse perioder (bl.a. Taishō period) ble Japan et konstitusjonelt keiserdømme med politiske partier. Militarismen ga makt til de militære, men det var likevel en statsminister med. På programmet vist på NRK forleden kom det frem at det var nettopp statsministeren som ba keiseren om en løsning.

 

Helt hvilken drift som skal catches er jeg sannelig ikke sikker på.

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Videoannonse
Annonse
På grunn av dette og på grunn av at en invasjon av Japan ville kostet langt flere menneskeliv enn det bombeslippene gjorde

Dette er grundig tilbakevist gang på gang. Japans militære styrker var radbrukket, rett og slett.

 

Kutt ut å komme med slike misvisende påstander.

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Eneste grunnen til at folk reagerer på atombomben er fordi en får se mange mennesker drepes på en gang.

 

Det forvrenger bildet at situasjonen og man blir sint, opprørt samt fordømmer det. Men ser man på Iwo Jima, Okinawa, New guinea osv ble folk drept sporadisk og til forskjellige tider. Mye lettere å akseptere å se vekk fra.

 

Og så om man hadde invadert? -Da hadde vi vel hatt samme diskusjon nå, bare om man skulle sluppet bombene for å redde de som hadde blitt drept i en invasjon.

Endret av co2
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Eneste grunnen til at folk reagerer på atombomben er fordi en får se mange mennesker drepes på en gang.

Det er en veldig god grunn.Det hadde vært hjerterått om ingen hadde giddet å hevet et eneste øyebryn,når over 100 000 mennesker mister livet momentant,og samtidig tenkt.

-Ja ja, det har gått med flere millioner liv i løpet av den lange verdenskrigen,så det å slippe en atombombe blir det samme,eneste forskjell er at alle dør momentant. :roll:

Endret av audiomur
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Hmm greit og ta ein gjennomkjøyring på kordan bomba virka, og kor mange som virklig daua av den. Og bombe 2 byer var kanskje ikkje vits i, men ein bra gjennomkjøyring var det i allefall.

Bin Laden har laget noen nye bomber som han er litt usikker på hvordan fungerer.Kanskje du kunne stilt nabolaget ditt til disposisjon,bare for å få "ein gjennomkjøyring"? :dremel:

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Codename_Paragon: Les litt tilbake i tråden, du. Jeg har allerede forklart dette. Tips: Man forbereder ikke en overgivelse på en time.

Jeg så det du skrev, jeg har allerede lest igjennom hele tråden. Jeg kjøper fortsatt ikke argumentet.

 

Japan hadde ikke "en time" på å forberede overgivelse, de hadde flere år på seg. Uten atombomber kunne de ha trengt ytterligere år på seg til å overgi seg, og fortsatt være innenfor ditt argument.

 

Flyvåpenet har i alle år hatt en besynderlig evne til å overvurdere sin betydning

- etter bombingen ev Irak skulle innmarsen være så grei, så grei. Det var den ikke.

- etter bombingen på Balkan skulle krigen raskt være ver. Det var den heller ikke

- etter at japanske byer ble systematisk bombet, kvartal for kvartal, var Japan fortsatt ikke knekt. Jeg lurer da på hvem som mente at det var rett før Japan måtte overgi seg.

 

Hvor mange år mener du de trengte på seg til å forberede en overgivelse?

 

Jeg har lest mange fremstillinger av hva som ledet opp til overgivelsen, sist et BBC-program vist på NRK på 60-årsdagen for bombingen av Hiroshima. Om vi skal stole på BBC så mente lederskapet i Japan at de kunne slå tilbake en landgang. Andre artikler jeg har lest sier at japanerne tok sjangsen på at USA hadde bare en atombombe. Det er vanskelig å finne frem til fakta i alle de sprikende forklaringene som finnes.

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På grunn av dette og på grunn av at en invasjon av Japan ville kostet langt flere menneskeliv enn det bombeslippene gjorde

Dette er grundig tilbakevist gang på gang. Japans militære styrker var radbrukket, rett og slett.

Kilde? Joda, jeg vet jeg etterlyser dette hver gang denne påstanden dukker opp, men jeg gir meg ikke.

 

Disse så radbrukne styrkene var i april 1945 istand til å utkjempe harde kamper på Okinawa. Snodig, ikke sant?

Kutt ut å komme med slike misvisende påstander.

Ord til ettertanke.

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Eneste grunnen til at folk reagerer på atombomben er fordi en får se mange mennesker drepes på en gang.

Det er en veldig god grunn.Det hadde vært hjerterått om ingen hadde giddet å hevet et eneste øyebryn,når over 100 000 mennesker mister livet momentant,å samtidig tenkt.

-Ja ja, det har gått med flere millioner liv i løpet av den lange verdenskrigen,så det å slippe en atombombe blir det samme,eneste forskjell er at alle dør momentant. :roll:

Faktisk, folk bryr seg veldig fort ikke om man "sprer" dødstallene utover i krigen

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Codename_Paragon: Alt du skriver har jeg svart på for kun få innlegg siden. Du har tydeligvis ikke lest hele tråden i det hele tatt. Du får bl.a. sitater fra personer som var direkte involvert på amerikansk side, og fra forskere. Jeg viste til et par sider du kanskje burde lese gjennom.

 

Dessuten er det ikke snakk om "år på å overgi seg", men dager eller uker. Japan hadde ikke i praksis tapt krigen i mange år.

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Dette er grundig tilbakevist gang på gang. Japans militære styrker var radbrukket, rett og slett.

Kilde? Joda, jeg vet jeg etterlyser dette hver gang denne påstanden dukker opp, men jeg gir meg ikke.

 

Gikk et program om akuratt Hiroshima, de sa hvertfall at det ikke var mye ris igjenn i landet, og japan kunne trolig ikke holde lenge. hvis du vill ha kilde for dette må du nesten se programmet ; var på lørdag mellom 22-00 NRK.

Endret av mR_cRaZy
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Codename_Paragon: Alt du skriver har jeg svart på for kun få innlegg siden.
Mange av referansene dine er allerede tilbakevist, f.eks. der det påpekes at etterretninger fra tiden etter andre verdenskrig ikke er relevante for beslutninger tatt under krigen.
Du har tydeligvis ikke lest hele tråden i det hele tatt.
Slike kommentarer som det anser jeg som tvers igjennom useriøse. Jeg er nok den som vet best hva jeg har lest.
Du får bl.a. sitater fra personer som var direkte involvert på amerikansk side, og fra forskere. Jeg viste til et par sider du kanskje burde lese gjennom.

Referatene dine fra diverse amerikanske offiserer er allerede tilbakeviste.

Dessuten er det ikke snakk om "år på å overgi seg", men dager eller uker. Japan hadde ikke i praksis tapt krigen i mange år.

Men fortell da NÅR du mener de tapte krigen.

Og NÅR innså japanerne selv at de hadde tapt.

 

Jeg har allerede spurt deg om hvordan du mener at Japan kunne påføre USA store tap på Okinawa få måneder før atombombene falt, og de angivelige skulle være totalt radbrukket. Slik indre inkonsistens gjør meg skeptisk.

 

Så kan vi ta for oss en link du ga tidligere:

"Careful scholarly treatment of the records and manuscripts opened over the past few years has greatly enhanced our understanding of why the Truman administration used atomic weapons against Japan. Experts continue to disagree on some issues, but critical questions have been answered. The consensus among scholars is that the bomb was not needed to avoid an invasion of Japan and to end the war within a relatively short time. It is clear that alternatives to the bomb existed and that Truman and his advisers knew it."

Dersom det er "consensus" er det da merkelig at debatten fortsetter, les f.eks. artikkelen om "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" på Wikipedia der det oppgis klare referanser for begge syn. Artikkelen referert til virker mer tabloid enn vitenskapelig, bl.a. uttrykk som "devastating" i artikler er ikke seriøst.

 

Merk ellers at det vises til at "Experts continue to disagree on some issues", fulgt av "but critical questions have been answered" uten at disse er beskrevet.

 

Hele artikkelen er basert på korte utvalgte sistater tatt fullstendig ut av sin naturlige sammenheng, og dette gjør meg skeptisk.

 

En interessant kontrast. Fra artikkelen:

Other intercepted messages suggested that the main obstacle to peace was the continued Allied demand for unconditional surrender. Although the expert literature once mainly suggested that only one administration official--Undersecretary of State Joseph Grew--urged a change in the surrender formula to provide assurances for Japan's emperor, it is now clear that with the exception of Secretary of State James Byrnes, the entire top echelon of the U.S. government advocated such a change.
I føløge BBC-programmet forleden ble tekstendringen gjort, men japanske ledere tolket dette som tegn til svakhet og at amerikanerne ikke ville ha nok is i maven til å tåle tap under landgang og invasjon. Tapstallene fra Okinawa var kjente og de var store:
Casualties totaled more than 38,000 Americans wounded and 12,000 killed or missing, more than 107,000 Japanese and Okinawan conscripts killed, and perhaps 100,000 Okinawan civilians who perished in the battle.
Dette slaget begynte april 1945, så bare 3 måneder før atombombene falt, var Japan istand til å påføre amerikanerne betydelige tap.

 

Alt jeg har lest om dette viser at tingene er langt fra så entydige som artikkelen gir inntrykk av, selv etter 60 år.

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Men fortell da NÅR du mener de tapte krigen.

Og NÅR innså japanerne selv at de hadde tapt.

 

Svaret kan variere, undertegnede viser her til en rapport skrevet av Admiral Takagi of the Navy General Staff mellom den 20. september 1943 til februar i 1944, " Based on analysis of air, fleet and merchant ship losses, Japan's inability to import essential materials for production, and the potentiality of air attacks on the home islands, Takagi concluded that Japan could not win and should seek a compromise peace.", noterte The US stratigic Bomb Survey. En lignende rapport ble skrevet av Sakomizu of the Cabinet Planning Board som hadde den samme konklusjonen, det bør nevnes at disse rapportene hadde en politisk reaksjon.

 

[...]hvordan du mener at Japan kunne påføre USA store tap på Okinawa få måneder før atombombene falt, og de angivelige skulle være totalt radbrukket. Slik indre inkonsistens gjør meg skeptisk.

 

Nå er det viktig å påpeke utviklingen av disse månedene hadde en enorm strategisk effekt, da Japan ikke kunne fortsette kampen på fastlandet evt. småøyer. Innvasjonen skulle realiseres i November, logistisk sett var Japan knust. Admiral William D. Leahy Chief of Staff til Presidents Franklin Roosevelt og Harry Truman noterte i etterkant: "It is my opinion that the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons.", undertegnede heviser her til utenriksminister Togo Shigenori's som noterte: "Since we are about to contend with an enemy who has accumulated a great deal of experience in landing operations, and since we have only such meager materiel with which to defend ourselves, we cannot avoid the conclusion that in the final analysis it is only a question of time until we have to surrender[...]". Nedenfor[1] forklares detaljer angående Japans situasjon fra The US Strategic Bomb Survey , som bl.a noterte "Certain of the United States commanders and the representatives of the Survey who were called back from their investigations in Germany in early June 1945 for consultation stated their belief that, by the coordinated impact of blockade and direct air attack, Japan could be forced to surrender without invasion.[...] Japan had been critically wounded by military defeats, destruction of the bulk of her merchant fleet, and almost complete blockade.".

 

"[...] prior to heavy direct air attack on the Japanese home islands, the Japanese air forces had been reduced to Kamikaze forces, her fleet had been sunk or immobilized, her merchant marine decimated, large portions of her ground forces isolated, and the strangulation of her economy well begun."

 

Japan hadde ikke "en time" på å forberede overgivelse, de hadde flere år på seg. Uten atombomber kunne de ha trengt ytterligere år på seg til å overgi seg, og fortsatt være innenfor ditt argument.[...]Hvor mange år mener du de trengte på seg til å forberede en overgivelse?

 

Det er desidert ikke er snakk om år, men om dager, de generelle konturene til Japan's overgivelse ble klare i begynnelsen av august. I dokumenter fra The War department, som nå har blitt offentligjort, skriver utenriksminister Togo Shigenori den 2. august : "[...] the fact is undeniable that the Three Power Proclamation of July 26 [Potsdam] by America, England and China alredy provides a basis for ending the Greater East Asia War[...]it is alredy settled that action will have to be carried out on that basis.[...] The Premier and leaders of the Army are now concentrating all their attention on this point.". Han noterte også: "This [bring the war to an end] is the natural conclusion we must reach, now that we have lost mastery of the air and command of the sea."

 

Det bør nevnes at fastlands innvasjonen ikke skulle begynne før November, der The US Strategic Bomb Survey noterte: "Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts and supported by the testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Survey's opinion that certainly prior to 31 December 1945 and in all probability prior to 1 November 1945, Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated."

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Footnote, - 1. The US Strategic Bomb Survey;

 

"The physical destruction resulting from the air attack on Japan approximates that suffered by Germany, even though the tonnage of bombs dropped was far smaller. The attack was more concentrated in time, and the target areas were smaller and more vulnerable. Not only were the Japanese defenses overwhelmed, but Japan's will and capacity for reconstruction, dispersal, and passive defense were less than Germany's. In the aggregate some 40 percent of the built-up area of the 66 cities attacked was destroyed. Approximately 30 percent of the entire urban population of Japan lost their homes and many of their possessions. The physical destruction of industrial plants subjected to high-explosive attacks was similarly impressive. The larger bomb loads of the B-29s permitted higher densities of bombs per acre in the plant area, and on the average somewhat heavier bombs were used. The destruction was generally more complete than in Germany. [...] Urban incendiary attacks destroyed the electric distribution systems in the burned-out areas simultaneously with the consumer load previously served by them. [...]They still relied, however, on plants employing less than 250 workers for subcontracted parts and equipment. Many of these smaller plants were concentrated in Tokyo and accounted for 50 percent of the total industrial output of the city. Such plants suffered severe damage in urban incendiary attacks. [...]Four hundred and seventy thousand barrels of oil and oil products, 221,000 tons of foodstuffs and 2 billion square yards of textiles were destroyed by air attacks., [...]Physical damage to plant installations by either area or precision attacks, plus decreases due to dispersal forced by the threat of further physical damage, reduced physical productive capacity by roughly the following percentages of pre-attack plant capacity: oil refineries, 83 percent; aircraft engine plants, 75 percent; air-frame plants, 60 percent; electronics and communication equipment plants, 70 percent; army ordnance plants, 30 percent; naval ordnance plants, 28 percent; merchant and naval shipyards, 15 percent; light metals, 35 percent; ingot steel, 15 percent; chemicals, 10 percent. The economic consequences of the physical damage wrought by air attack are closely interrelated with the concurrent effects of the interdiction of imports, the cumulative effects of under-maintenance of plants, and the declining health, vigor and determination of the Japanese people. [...] Electric power consumption fell. Coal supply was primarily limited by the decline in inter-island shipping from Hokkaido and Kyushu, and the inability of the railroad system completely to fill the gap. Despite a decline in demand, shortages of coal were universal throughout the economy. Airframe production was limited primarily by the continuing effects of the dispersal program brought on by the initial bombing, and aggravated by the subsequent destruction of numerous plants prior to completion of dispersal.[i/] [...]The Japanese labor force had declined in efficiency due to malnutrition and fatigue, the destruction of much of the urban housing and the difficulties of local transportation. […] The economic effects of the transportation attack would have had a direct impact on the Japanese people and on their determination to continue the war. In order to bring maximum pressure on the civilian population and to complicate further the Japanese economic problems, night and bad weather attacks on urban areas could have been carried out simultaneously with the transportation attack. One of the important factors inducing Japan's leaders to accept unconditional surrender was a realization that the Japanese armed forces had lost their ability to protect the people and that under the impact of direct air attack and lowered livelihood their confidence in victory and determination to continue the war were rapidly declining.

[…] Monthly tonnage dropped increased from 13,800 tons in March to 42,700 tons in July, and, with the activation of the Eighth Air Force on Okinawa, would have continued to increase thereafter to a planned figure of 115,000 tons per month, had the war not come to an end.

Three-quarters of the 6,740 tons of bombs dropped by carrier planes on the Japanese home islands were directed against airfields, warships, and miscellaneous military targets, and one-quarter against merchant shipping and other economic targets. Most of the warships sunk in home ports had already been immobilized for lack of fuel. The accuracy of low-level carrier plane attack was high, being at least 50 percent hits within 250 feet of the aiming point. The attack against the Hakodate-Aomori rail ferries in July 1945 sank or damaged all twelve of the ferries, 17 steel ships, and 149 smaller ships. […] The weight and intensity of this attack caught the Japanese by surprise. No subsequent urban area attack was equally destructive. Two days later, an attack of similar magnitude on Nagoya destroyed 2 square miles. In a period of 10 days starting 9 March, a total of 1,595 sorties delivered 9,373 tons of bombs against Tokyo, Nagoya, Osake, and Kobe destroying 31 square miles of those cities at a cost of 22 airplanes. The generally destructive effect of incendiary attacks against Japanese cities had been demonstrated. […] Japan's merchant shipping fleet, was not only a key link in the logistical support of her armed forces in the field, but also a vital link in her economic structure. It was the sole element of this basic structure which was vulnerable to direct attack throughout a major portion of the war.[…]Eight million nine hundred thousand tons of this shipping were sunk or so seriously damaged as to be out of action at the end of the war. Fifty-four and seven-tenths percent of this total was attributable to submarines, 16.3 percent to carrier based planes, 10.2 percent to Army land-based planes and 4.3 percent to Navy and Marine land-based planes, 9.3 percent to mines (largely dropped by B-29s), less than 1 percent to surface gunfire, and the balance of 4 percent to marine accidents.

Due to their ability to penetrate deeply into enemy-controlled waters, submarines accounted for approximately 60 percent of sinkings up until the final months of the war. During 1941, carrier task forces made deep sweeps which accounted for large numbers of ships. After April, 1945, when Japanese shipping was restricted to the Korean and Manchurian runs and to shallow inland waters, mines dropped by B-29s in Japanese harbors and inland waterways accounted for 50 percent of all ships sunk or damaged. In isolating areas of combat from ship-borne reinforcements land-based aircraft also sank large numbers of barges and vessels smaller than 500 tons gross weight, not included in the tabulation prepared by the Survey.] […]Up to the end of 1942, ship sinkings exceeded new acquisitions by a small margin. Thereafter, the aggregate tonnage sunk increased far more rapidly than could be matched by the expansion of the Japanese shipbuilding program. The size of the usable fleet thus declined continuously and at the end of the war amounted to little more than 10 percent of its original tonnage. From the standpoint of the Japanese armed forces in the field it will be noted that 17 percent of army supplies shipped from Japan were sunk in 1943, 30 percent in 1944, and 50 percent in 1945. […] All Japanese carriers sunk were lost either to our carrier-based aircraft or to submarines with the exception of one which was finished off by surface

vessels after it had been mortally damaged by carrier airplanes. The Japanese had two Yamato-class battleships, each of 64,000 tons, armed with 18-inch guns and minutely compartmented, which were more powerful than any United States battleship. One was sunk in the Sibuyan Sea, the other south of Kyushu, both by carrier torpedo-planes. Japan began the war with 381 warships aggregating approximately 1,271,000 tons. An additional 816 combat ships totaling 1,048,000 tons were constructed during the war. Five hundred and forty-nine ships of all types and sizes, totaling 1,744,000 tons were sunk. Approximately 1,300,000 tons of Japanese warships in the carrier, battleship, cruiser and destroyer categories were included in the aggregate tonnage sunk. Of this total roughly 625,000 tons were sunk by Navy and Marine aircraft, 375,000 tons by submarines, 183,000 tons by surface vessels, 55,000 tons by Army aircraft, and 65,000 tons by various agents. Only 196,000 tons in these categories remained afloat at the end of the war. The tonnage sunk by surface ships was principally in night actions. A shortage of Japanese destroyers after 1943 and inadequate Japanese air antisubmarine measures contributed to the successes of United States submarines against the Japanese fleet. After the liberation of the Philippines and the capture of Okinawa, oil imports into Japan were completely cut off; fuel oil stocks had been exhausted, and the few remaining Japanese warships, being without fuel, were decommissioned or were covered with camouflage and used only as antiaircraft platforms. Except for its shore-based Kamikaze airforce and surface and undersea craft adapted for anti-invasion suicide attack, the Japanese Navy had ceased to exist.

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